Hirschsprungs Disease Case Study

Chronic Kidney Failure

Chronic kidney failure is also called chronic kidney disease is described as a gradual loss of kidney performance. If chronic kidney failure gets to an advanced stage, wastes, electrolytes and adverse levels of fluid can build up and in the human body. The mechanisms of kidney injury are diverse and complex. These mechanisms embrace obstruction of urine flow, abnormal immunological processes, neoplasia, infection, and trauma. Each of these mechanisms may interact with diseases such as hypertension and diabetes and intoxications whereby the renal failure is not infrequently a manifesting feature (Hruska, Seifert, & Sugatani, 2015).

    Patients with chronic kidney disease stages 1-3 are usually asymptomatic. Symptoms begin to show at stage 4-5. The pertinent signs and symptoms of chronic kidney failure include muscle weakness, loss of lean body mass, and protein-energy malnutrition (Di Lullo et al. 2015). Other less common symptoms associated with chronic kidney failure include hypertension, pulmonary edema, and peripheral edema.

    To check for chronic kidney failure, the physician uses a blood test to monitor the kidney’s efficiency in filtering blood. This phenomenon is known as glomerular filtrate rate. A urine test can also be carried out to check for albumin. This test is done to detect albumin which is a protein that can pass into the urine when kidneys are damaged (Di Lullo et al. 2015).

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         Depending on the underlying cause of the kidney disease, some forms of this infection can be treated. Treatment of chronic kidney failure poses a lot of treatment challenges. Chronic kidney failure can occur if an individual has high blood pressure or diabetes. The physician can prescribe angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as Captopril, Lisinopril, Eosinophil, and Enalapril. If the kidneys do not work well, the patient may need dialysis or a transplant (Hruska, Seifert, & Sugatani, 2015).  

    Chronic kidney failure happens because of many conditions. Creating awareness on how to manage these conditions can help to prevent and control chronic kidney failure. Discussing diet with the healthcare provider can assist in achieving these changes. Patient education should also focus on long-term education and monitoring of signs and symptoms and essence of reporting these complications when they arise (Hruska, Seifert, & Sugatani, 2015).  

 

References

1. Di Lullo, L., House, A., Gorini, A., Santoboni, A., Russo, D., and Ronco, C. (2015). Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular complications. Heart failure reviews, 20(3), 259-272
2. Hruska, K. A., Seifert, M., and Sugatani, T. (2015). Pathophysiology of the Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, 24(4), 303.