02_NSG6999 :Evaluation Table for Results of Literature Search

Evaluation Table for Results of Literature Search

Descriptive Characteristics of Evidence                                                                Critical Appraisal of Evidence

Study and Author

Study purpose and design, level of evidence

Population, sample size, groups, number of trials

        P

Intervention/

Independent variable and comparison or control group

           I

           C

Study results and findings, measured outcomes, dependent variable

           O

Validity

Reliability

Applicability

1. Metabolic endotoxemia as related to metabolic syndrome in an elderly male population at high cardiovascular risk. (2018)

Awoyemi, A., Trøseid, M., Solheim, S., Arnesen, H., & Seljeflot, I.

Atherosclerosis,

( Source:  https://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(18)

30461-1/abstract)

The study was quantitative. Study investigates syndrome that is strongly associated with inflammation, IL-6 and CRP and ways it leads to metabolic disturbance among type 2 diabetes patients.

Design type is quantitative.

The study looks at the physiological factors that affect treatment geriatric patients under diabetes treatment.

Different animal models were used to determine reaction to various insulin types and treatment.

Patient physiological aspects determine the body response to treatment of type 2 diabetes.

The right treatment will result to better cell function and insulin secretion.

The result of the study is valid given that they clearly indicate that there are major variations in changes of LBP and sCD14 interventions.

The study results shows that although sCD14 and LBP interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes have no significant differences, when covariates are adjusted, LBP tends to increase the CV-risks by two times and sCD14 is lost when after adding hsCRP to the intervention

The results of this study are applicable to the treatment of type  diabetes but particularly when hsCRP and other covariates are included in the intervention model

2. Inhibitors and Stroke Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (2018)

Guo, M., & Xu, Y. 

Diabetes, 67 

( Source: NCBI)

Qualitative study was done. Article investigates the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in respect to the risk of stroke.

Meta-analysis was done.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Randomized trials were done measuring the R.R values.

The analysis indicated that the RR values were not affected by age, gender, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1C levels. However, there was a lower incidence of stroke observed on Black patients that Asian and white patients.

Treatment also depends on social and cultural aspects of patient lifestyle.

The validity of this article was positive as the results of the authors compared three SGLT2 inhibitors and antidiabetic treatments that demonstrated significant variations. 

The study results shows that SGLT2 inhibitors are not related to increased risks of stroke. Moreover, the SGLT2 inhibitor does not indicate any major variation to the RR for stroke.

Treating patients with type 2 diabetes  using SGLT2 inhibitors is not affected by  gender, age, duration of diabetes, BMI, and HbA1C levels, but in some cases race is affected by SGLT2 inhibitors. This means that the results of this article can be used to evaluate ways in which SGLT2 inhibitors can be modified to treat people of different races who have type 2 diabetes.

3. Electronic Health Lifestyle Coaching Among Diabetes Patients in a Real-Life Municipality Setting: Observational Study. (2018)

Komkova, A., Brandt, C. J., Hansen Pedersen, D., Emneus, M., & Sortsø, C.

(source NCBI and PubMed)

Qualitative Observational Study.  This study seeks to find the effects related to eHealth intervention among diabetes patients in a real-life municipal setting.

Observational study.

103 patients living with diabetes in a municipal setting.

Regression method was done among these samples, where weight change was observed. Regression method was also used to assess the impact of intervention.

The impact of eHealth was analyzed and regression was used to test impact of eHealth intervention on weight.

eHealth intervention reduces weight risk among people with diabetes.

The validity of the results are indicated by the effectiveness of various eHealth  interventions to patients with diabetic patients  in various settings 

The study results shows that eHealth innervations has a significant positive impact on diabetic patients as they help in reducing weight aver a given period of time i.e. 7 months 

This article is applicable to the nursing continuum as it brings forward evidence of a positive effect of a real-life eHealth lifestyle intervention on diabetes patients’ lifestyle.  

4. Management of diabetes in older adults. (2017).

Mañas, L. R., Rodríguez, M. C., & Sinclair, A. J. Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine

Study evaluates 

the currently available hypoglycemic drugs, and indications to diabetology community in treatment of adults aged 75 and above.

Systematic literature review.

Adult of 75 years and above.

None.

Hypoglycemic therapy works well with same set of drugs when dosage is altered based on existing pharmacologic interactions

The results of this article are valid as they indicate the significance of putting Special considerations to older adults over 7 years group are essential due to the increased prevalence of comorbidities and relative inability to tolerate adverse effects of medication and severe hypoglycemia which differs from young adults.

The study results indicate that there is need to identity the latest guidelines for treating older adults with type 2 diabetes by differentiating between treatment interventions for octogenarians and young adults below 75 years

The study results are applicable to the nursing field particularly when treating older adults with type 2 diabetes through the utilization of recent interventions that would boost the levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin 

5. Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2016)

Migdal, A. L., & Abrahamson, M. J

Principles of Diabetes Mellitus

(Source PubMed)

Literature review qualitative study. Article looks at the changes in lifestyle and impact in delaying the effects of diabetes.

Literature review.

Sample study was for adults over 50 years.

None

Lifestyle change includes exercises and diet was observed to whether it impacted in the development of diabetes 2 among the elder group.

The results of this article are valid as they demonstrate the different approaches both old and current that are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It also emphasizes on the significance of maintaining good glycemic as an attempt to mitigate the progression of type 2 diabetes  

Although there different variety of treatment options for type 2 diabetes, the results of this article indicate that there is need to identity the most effective approach for treating type 2 diabetes in different age groups. 

Throughout the process of treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the results of this study are applicable as they provide insightful information and data on major methods as well as best effective approaches that can be employed. 

6. T cell activation and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2018)

Nyambuya, T. M., Dludla, P. V., & Nkambule, B. B. 

Systematic Reviews

(Source NCBI)

Systematic review and meta-analysis. Study provide an assessment of the T cell activation and the cardiovascular risk in the adults with T2DM.

Systematic literature review  and meta-analysis.

The study incorporates medical subjects from PubMed and MEDLINE databases.

Assessment of quality of strength across all studies.

The study was able to reveal levels of statistical heterogeneity, depicting a random effect meta-analysis which is performed using the R statistics software. 

The results of the article are valid as they explicitly demonstrate how healthcare providers can evaluate the functionality of T-cell and the related risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

The results of the study indicate that cardiovascular events are closely related to the development of type 2 diabetes. 

The study results are applicable in the treatment of patients with T2DM as it focuses on evaluating other underlying issues prior to beginning the process of treating T2DM patients.

7. Advocacy for patients with neuropathic 

pain. Advocacy in Neurology (2019)

Onofrei, L., & Smith, A. G. 

Advocacy in Neurology (https://oxfordmedicine.com

/view/10.1093/med/9780198796039.001.0001/med-9780198796039-chapter-30)

Qualitative literature review. Paper looks at how pain impacts T2DM individuals, health providers and general health system with emphasis on advocacy.

Literature review qualitative study.

None.

Advocacy mechanisms for intervention on the impacts of  T2DM.

The impact of advocacy was observed and other forms of intervention.

The results of this article cannot be relied as they do not explain the exact approaches that can be used to treat type 2 diabetes among different population groups. 

The study results in this article highlight the importance of continued research on the most effective approaches to treat type 2 diabetes like behavioral therapy.

The results of the study are applicable as they emphasize on physicians to access more education of the field of diabetes as this would enable them to effectively manage complex pains like type 2 diabetes.

8. Clinical Practice Guidelines, Evidence-Based Medicine, and Diabetes. (2019)

Rodriguez-Saldana, J.

The Diabetes Textbook 

(Source: Research Gate)

Quantitative study. 

Looks at the impact of unjustified variations of medical practice in relation to clinical outcomes, the cost of healthcare and patients with T2DM.

Quantitative design.

Patients and medical practitioners dealing with patients with T2DM.

Recognition of the impact of clinical intervention is formidable to the treatment and management of T2DM

Various levels of clinical interventions will be required including administration of the condition and training for nurses to ensure the right intervention per individual patient.

The results of this study are valid as they identify and compare the various factors that hinder appropriate treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes such as cost of healthcare, clinical outcomes and patient’s preferences.

The study results in this article indicates that despite the increased efforts to handle type  2 diabetes, issues like acceptance, awareness and evaluations still exists

The results of the study are applicable as they clearly demonstrates that the goals of CPG include reducing the unjustified variation in medical practice, improve the quality of health care, and accelerate adoption of effective interventions

9. Self-management experience of middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: A qualitative study (2019).

Wu, F., Tai, H., & Sun, J. Asian Nursing Research

Paper investigates the self-management experiences of middle aged and older adults with diabetes using a focus group.

Qualitative study.

Older Adults with DM2.

Focus group of 23 participants on self-management discussions.

Study provides  insights to the experiences of middle aged and older adults self-management of diabetes.

Listening to the voice of patients and observing challenges, dilemma in self-management, recognize challenges in diabetes.

The validity of the study results is based on the fact that the author evaluated different experience of healthcare workers in diabetic field as an attempt to avoid bias

The results of the study generated three major themes from analysis of the collected data: (1) listening to the voice of the body and observing physical changes, (2) re-recognizing diabetes and challenges, and (3) self-management implementation dilemmas in attempts to evaluate the experiences of healthcare workers in dealing with patients with type 2 diabetes.

The results of the study are important to the nursing field as provides new insights into the experiences of middle-aged and older adults regarding their self-management of diabetes.

10. Evidence based review of type 2 diabetes prevention and management in low and middle income countries.(2016).

Afable, A., & Karingula, N. S.  World journal of diabetes, 7(10), 209

A systematic review to identify the newest approaches to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) prevention and control in the developing world context

66 studies from 20 developing countries and that that satisfy four criteria: (1) Must be experimental; (2) Must include patients with T2DM or focusing on prevention of T2DM; (3) Must have a lifestyle intervention component; (4) Must be written in English; and (5) Must have measurable outcomes related to diabetes.

systematic review of published studies of diabetes prevention and control programs in low and middle-income countries, as defined by the World Bank

Large experimental diabetes prevention/control studies of dietary and exercise interventions are lacking particularly those that consider quality rather than quantity of carbohydrates and alternative exercise

The results of the study are valid as they include comparisons from various systematic reviews within set criteria.

The study results indicates that lifestyle education led by allied health professionals (nurses, pharmacists) were as effective as those led by physicians or a team of clinicians in treating patients with T2DM

The results of this study are significant to the field of nursing as they demonstrates that nurses, pharmacists and physicians can be involved in developing appropriate interventions to type 2 diabetes. 

Also Read:Nursing Case Study Writing Help

Summary:

The above literature evaluation looked at the different studies done in regard to treatment, management, and new innovation   towards diabetes II.  The article where 10 in total and were both qualitative and quantitative. They discussed new approaches, diabetes self-management, new technologies, new medical approaches, impact of pain on the nurses and medical practitioners, lifestyle change and management (Afable & Karingula, 2016). Based on the above literature, an evaluation was made on the different aspects related to Diabetes II management and will be used conducting the critical appraisal of research evidence and completing the research.