NRS-433V-Literature Critique

Type: Essay

Subject: Nursing Research

Subject area: Nursing

Education Level: Undergraduate

Length: 6 pages

Referencing style: APA

Preferred English: US English

Spacing Option: Double 

Title: Research Critiques and PICOT Statement Final Draft

Instructions: requires lopeswrite assessment description prepare this assignment as a 1,500-1,750-word paper using the instructor feedback from the previous course assignments and the guidelines below. picot question revise the picot question you wrote in the topic 1 assignment using the feedback you received from your instructor. the final picot question will provide a framework for your capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the rn-bsn program of study). research critiques in the topic 2 and topic 3 assignments, you completed qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research critiques on two articles for each type of study (four articles total). use the feedback you received from your instructor on these assignments to finalize the critical analysis of each study by making appropriate revisions. the completed analysis should connect to your identified practice problem of interest that is the basis for your picot question. use the "research critiques and picot question guidelines - final draft" document to organize your essay. questions under each heading should be addressed as a narrative in the structure of a formal paper. please note that there are two new additional sections: outcomes comparison and proposed evidence-based practice change. general requirements you are required to cite a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources to complete this assignment. sources must be published within the last 5 years, appropriate for the assignment criteria, and relevant to nursing practice. prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the apa style guide, located in the student success center. this assignment uses a rubric. please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. you are required to submit this assignment to lopeswrite. a link to the lopeswrite technical support articles is located in class resources if you need assistance.

Research Critique Guidelines – Part III

College of Nursing and Health Care Professions, Grand Canyon University

NRS-433V: Introduction to Nursing Research

Hannah Vitt

October 16, 2022

Are Black women that live in lower income areas more prone to receiving poor perinatal care versus Black women that live in more affluent areas?

Introduction

The economic disparity between high- and low-income areas is a major contributor to either poor or high perinatal care in Black Women. The United States specifically has had notable health care injustice for ages and among the causes was the economic disparity between the ‘Whites’ and ‘Black’ communities. Economic value enables the population to have command of quality health care and the lack of it will contribute to low quality of perinatal care. While it is true that in the lower income areas, financial stability is low, black women in the United States have long experiences poor perinatal health care which is a result of both social and economic factors. It is now undisputed that Black women are likely to experience barriers to their rights to get quality health care on racial discrimination because of many historical injustices from past experiences. This paper will pursue to understand if Black women that live in lower-income areas are more prone to receiving poor perinatal care versus Black women that live in affluent areas.

Background of the Study

In many cases, Black women living in lower-income areas have lower financial stability forcing them to receive poor perinatal care because they have to choose between health and other basic needs such as food and shelter. While lower income areas have low financial generation to sustain one’s health, higher income areas have established financial structures where income is high and more people especially Black women can pay for health insurance. The significance of this paper is to show how economic disparity affects and informs healthcare policymaking and also proposes towards healthcare fully include populations that are from lower-income areas. Using both primary and secondary sources, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate if Black women that live in lower-income areas are more prone to receiving poor perinatal care versus Black women that live in affluent areas. The paper seeks to answer the question; are Black women that live in lower-income areas more prone to receiving poor perinatal care versus Black women that live in more affluent areas?

Articles Support of Nursing Practice Problem.

Societal and economic factors are largely associated with either poor or better perinatal care. Economic value has for ages been the single most form of disparity to influence the service of healthcare black women will receive. Women from lower incomes have financial constraints that make them unable to pay for insurance. Therefore, they continue to lead in experience higher rates of preventable diseases and chronic health, they cannot get productive perinatal care. Unlike Black women who live in lower-income areas, Black women who live in affluent areas are guaranteed good pay and greater economic security which is a great determinant in ensuring these groups of Black women get insurance for their medication hence, they are guaranteed to get proper perinatal care. Therefore, the basic disparity, in this case, is merited on social economic principles.

As a primary source, the paper adopted, Kimberly Glazer et al., (2021) publication, “Perinatal care experiences among racially and ethnically diverse mothers whose infants required a NICU stay” (Glazer et al., 2021) which pursues to understand the primary disparity caused by perinatal care experiences among racial and ethical diverse mothers. They measured the disparity by learning “how diverse mothers whose babies required a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay evaluate their obstetric and neonatal care.” Another interesting publication is an article titled, “Health Equity Among Black Women in the United States,’ (Chinn, 2021)” by Juanita Chinn, Iman Martin, and Nicole Redmond have in-depth highlighted the social-economic aspects that render a disparity between Black women in lower income areas compared to those that live in affluent areas. Lastly, the paper will analyze the article by Scott Karen et al., (2019) titled, “The Ethics of Perinatal Care for Black Women: Dismantling the Structural Racism in "Mother Blame" Narratives” (Scott et al., 2019) which seeks to address the disproportional prevalence of poor perinatal care by Black mothers.

These three papers seek to fundamentally affect the social economic persecution of Black women from two economic classes towards perinatal care. the papers influence policy-making and general nursing practice towards incorporating programs that include Black women from lower-income areas because health is a universal entity. Additionally, the primary source; Kimberly Glazer et al., (2021) has identified recommendations that deliberately inform nursing practice on the development of interventions or inclusive policies to reverse the high mobility ratio between Black women who live in lower-income areas and those that live in affluent areas. Nurses also can formulate a program that will quash the existing social-economic disparity.

Also Read: Best Nursing Essay For Students

Method of Studies

Kimberly et al., (2021) used a qualitative analysis technique by focusing on three stratified groups which included; Black, Latina, White and Asian women (n=20) who recently delivered infants and were required a NICU stay (Glazer et al., 2021). These three groups were assessed to identify patterns and themes causing the disparity between the racial and ethnic groups. Predominant themes and patterns included social and economic factors which include; financial disparity and poor communication between health providers and nurses (Glazer et al., 2021). As a strength, the paper demonstrated that inclusivity between racial or social disparity classes of women improves infant care, especially for mothers of high-risk neonates. As a limitation, the paper did not include the disparity between hospital culture and the quality that dictates neonatal care and its outcomes.

Juanita Chinn, Iman Martin, and Nicole's publication used secondary data to analyze and reflect on the social economic inequality experienced by Black women. They, therefore, pursued to understand, “the structural contributors to social and economic conditions that create the landscape for persistent health inequities among Black women” (Chinn, 2021). Systematic reviews are important sources of data for understanding social problems and in our case the economic disparity between women in low-income areas and those in high-income areas.

Karen Scott et al., (2019) champion an interesting theme especially concerning the disparity between low-income and high-income Black Women from the perinatal perspective. The paper seeks to demonstrate the basic ethics of perinatal care for black women. therefore, the paper does this by systematically dismantling the structural racism against Black women (Scott et al., 2019). Primarily, the paper uses the American Nurse Association (ANA) code of ethics to outline the many roles of practicing nurses in solving these disparities. Keren Scott et al., (2019) seek to tackle economic inequality through ethical principles within Black women.

Results of the Studies

These three studies indicated that Black women living in lower-income areas receive lower or poor perinatal care compared to their counterparts in affluent areas. Why? The social economic disparity between the two groups contrasts hence health care also faces an impact. Other factors that were considered to be in affluent areas include; maternal birth weight, education and health literacy, prenatal care initiatives, and adequate facilities which are not reflected in lower-income areas. Kimberly Glazer et al., (2020) after conducting a qualitative analysis exhibited that in all three groups, social and economic factors affected the quality of perinatal care (Glazer et al., 2021). While poor communication was indicated by Black and Latina mothers, almost all racial and ethnic diversity populations did not receive quality health care based on lower financial or economic grounds.

Unlike Kimberly Glazer et al., (2020) assumptions on economic disparity, Chinn et al., 2021 proposed that while there is an improvement in health, health disparity among black women persists causing excess mortalities because of both social and economic disparity. historical injustices form part of their argument when explaining the health inequality of Black Women. Women from lower income areas, therefore, experience, “disproportionately burdened by chronic conditions, such as anemia, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and obesity. Health outcomes do not occur independently of the social conditions in which they exist” (Chinn et al., 2021). Chinn et al., argue that the higher the burden on Black women on the impacts of chronic conditions, the higher the reflection on basic inequalities within the healthcare system negatively impacting Black Women. Arguably, the negative impacts affecting Black women as a result of economic disparity are not a result of a singular incident but a historical context within which the inequality has grown imperatively. Karen Scott et al., (2019) paper ought to show the nursing practice and the universality of ethics in perinatal care for Black women (Scott et al., 2019). To inhibit the disparity, this paper has adapted strategies that will be used to optimize health equity to promote pregnant mothers’ outcomes during birth. As a result, the paper worked in setting standards for holistic care for Black women regardless of their economic class.

Ethical Considerations

Glazer et al. (2021), conducted primary qualitative research on 20 women acknowledging and respecting their consent. Consent was funded and authorized by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01HD078565. Karen Scott et al., (2019) publication and Juanita Chinn et al., (2021) publication used secondary data, they had to maintain the confidentiality of the primary participants within their paper (Chinn, 2021). Both papers, therefore, sought consent before using either material or interviewing participants about their views on existing social economic disparity in the United States. 

Conclusion

Inclusivity is an important aspect of healthcare. The right to healthcare is a universal right that should be practiced without any limitations. While it is important to acknowledge the widespread structured racial disparity, social economic aspects between Black Women between those living in lower income areas and those that live in more affluent areas. While their economic and financial security is not the same, those that live in lower economic income areas have an existing dilemma to choose on their health or basic needs.

References

Primary Source

Glazer, K. B., Sofaer, S., Balbierz, A., Wang, E., & Howell, E. A. (2021). Perinatal care experiences among racially and ethnically diverse mothers whose infants required a NICU stay. Journal of Perinatology, 41(3), 413-421. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372- 020-0721-2   

Secondary Sources

Chinn, J. J., Martin, I. K., & Redmond, N. (2021). Health equity among Black women in the United States. Journal of Women's Health, 30(2), 212-219.  https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8868 

Scott, K. A., Britton, L., & McLemore, M. R. (2019). The ethics of perinatal care for black women: dismantling the structural racism in “mother blame” narratives. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing, 33(2), 108-115. 10.1097/jpn.0000000000000394