The Pathophysiology of Male Infertility

The factors that affect fertility (STDs).

Male fertility is likely to be affected by sexually transmitted diseases. One of the diseases is Chlamydia that when left untreated, spreads to the gonads from the urethra and causes a change in sterility and incapacity. Another sexually transmitted disease is pelvic fiery sickness (PID) which affects the richness in males. The procedure is similar to the ways PID affects the fallopian tubes in females. The structure of the male regenerative plot including the epididymis and urethra can be affected by contamination with untreated STD. Sexually transmitted disease related to barrenness is not as regular in men as the case with females. 

Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID

There are components of the sexual aspects that are related to the increased risk for PID. The major components that compose the risk factors include sex, different sex accomplices, high recurrence, and increased pace of gaining accomplices within the past 30 days (Park et al., 2017). The chlamydia infection in acute PID is related to an increase in the levels of the inflammatory markers. These include the CA 125, ESR, and CRP, operation risk, and long hospital admission days. 

Why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.

Severe bacterial protasis is mostly caused by normal strains of microbes. The disease can start when the microscopic organisms in urine spill to the prostate. An anti-infection agent is used to treat this infection. Prostatitis is also caused by microorganisms that reach the prostate organ from the urinary plot, which is a widely known bacterial cause (Ho, 2017). It can also be from a direct increase or lymphatic spread from the rectum. Moreover, it can be caused by different organisms such as Neisseria, Chlamydia trachomatis, and HIV.  

Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.

For patients with ITP, the immune system often treats the platelets as intruders and destroys them. the spleen works to remove the damaged platelets. Therefore, the elimination of the spleen helps to increase the circulation of the platelets in the body. Splenectomy is the standard treatment for ITP before the administering of drug therapies was established. The procedure is still carried out for patients with severe ITP. In regions such as the United Kingdom, ITP specialists conduct splenectomy when other options have been exhausted. The procedure is preceded by an indium labeled platelet spleen scan that is performed in the nuclear medicine department of some hospitals. The purpose is always to investigate whether the platelets are being destroyed in the spleen. When the test shows that the platelet is destroyed in the immune system, a splenectomy is unlikely to elevate the number of platelets. 

Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic)

Anemia is a disorder of the blood, which is an important liquid that the heart pumps constantly through the veins and the arteries and across the body. When the blood experiences some challenges, it affects the general health of the body and the quality of life. there are different types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia (Chaparro & Suchdev, 2019). The different types of anemia are linked to different diseases and conditions. Anemia affects people across all ages, races, and ethnic backgrounds. Some forms of anemia are common while some are mild and others severe and life-threatening when left untreated. The best news is that the condition can be treated and prevented. 

References

Park, S. T., Lee, S. W., Kim, M. J., Kang, Y. M., Moon, H. M., & Rhim, C. C. (2017). Clinical characteristics of genital chlamydia infection in pelvic inflammatory disease. BMC women's health, 17(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-016-0356-9

Chaparro, C. M., & Suchdev, P. S. (2019). Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1450(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14092

Ho, D.-R. (2017). Prostate inflammation: A brief review. Urological Science, 28(3), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urols.2017.04.003